防曬係數SPF(Sun Protection Factor)，是指塗抹防曬劑後，在人工或天然光源照射下，皮膚產生發紅現象所需時間，與不擦防曬劑時所需時間之比值，也就是說平常不擦防曬在照射之下10分鐘會變紅，擦了某防曬劑後需兩個小時才發紅，此防曬劑SPF即為12 (120/10=12)。

PA表示防曬產品對於UVA的防護能力，UVA是造成曬黑和光老化的因素。PA的防護程度通常以+，++，+++三種強度來標示， +字越多，代表阻隔UVA的效果就越好。

常見的防曬品包含物理性和化學性兩類。物理性的防曬成分較穩定不易變質 11C ，適合敏感性肌膚或嬰幼童肌膚。但是物理性防曬的缺點是，質地比較厚重、滋潤，也比較容易泛白。常見成分有二氧化鈦（Titanium Dioxide）和氧化鋅（Zinc Oxide）。

化學性的防曬乳被皮膚吸收後，會將紫 5B4 外線和化學成分結合，降低紫外線對皮膚直接的傷害。此種防曬的質地比較清爽，沒有油膩感，也不太會泛白。但是因為化學性防曬一般來說成分比較複雜，因此較適合一般肌膚選購，敏感性膚質就要斟酌使用。

Specifications

Specifications Sheet Hardware reguirements, RouterOS features and capabilities list Device Driver List List of currently supported hardware License Management Licensing information

User Guides

Basic Setup Guide This is a good point to start learning RouterOS Installing RouterOS with CD-Install Installing RouterOS with Floppies Installing RouterOS with NetInstall

Remote Administration

Configuration Management Tools to backup/restore, export/import and reset system configuration FTP (File Transfer Protocol) Server Configuration, package and HotSpot file storage facility MAC Level Access (Telnet and Winbox) Zero-configuration remote access Serial Console and Terminal Initial access option for RouterBoard. Uses serial port for accessing the router Software Package Management Software Version Management Describes software upgrade process SSH (Secure Shell) Server and Client Secure remote administration protocol (recommended) Telnet Server and Client Insecure remote administration protocol (not recommended) Terminal Console General information about console navigation, common commands and functions WinBox Graphical remote administration interface

IP Addressing and Routing

IP Addresses and ARP Basic IP level configuration and Address Resolution Protocol modes OSPF Dynamic link state interior routing protocol. Supports Equal Cost Multipath routing RIP Dynamic distance vector interior routing protocol Routes, Equal Cost Multipath Routing, Policy Routing Static routing, policy based routing and load balancing with failover BGP Command Reference BGP Routing Filters

Interfaces

ARLAN 655 Wireless Client Card Legacy wireless interface Bonding Combines multiple Ethernet-like interfaces into one single pipe. Provides higher speeds and availability Bridge CISCO/Aironet 2.4GHz 11Mbps Wireless Card Legacy wireless interface Cyclades PC300 PCI Card V.35/X.21 synchronous card Driver Management Contains information on working with ISA and PCMCIA cards Ethernet Interfaces FarSync X.21 Card V.35/T1/E1/X.21 synchronous card FrameRelay (PVC) Protocol General Interface Settings Common parameters and monitoring commands for all interfaces GPRS PCMCIA Usage notes for CardBUS (PCMCIA) GPRS gards ISDN Interfaces M3P M3P optimizes the data rate usage of links using protocols that have a high overhead per packet transmitted MOXA C101 Synchronous Card V.35 synchronous card MOXA C502 Dual-port Synchronous Card V.35 synchronous card PPP and Asynchronous Interfaces Conventional dial-in and dial-out services RadioLAN 5.8GHz Wireless Interface Legacy wireless interface Sangoma Synchronous Interfaces LMC/SBEI Synchronous Interfaces Wireless Client and Wireless Access Point Manual IEEE 802.11a/b/g cards on Prism and Atheros chipsets Xpeed SDSL Symmetric DSL interface

Virtual Private Networking

EoIP Ethernet-level tunnel. Alows bridging of remote networks and bonding IP Security Standard method for multi-protocol high-grade security communications IPIP Fast and simple IP level tunnel L2TP Common protocol for deploying VPN networks. Uses IPsec for authentication information exchange PPPoE Secure and authenticated way of connecting users to a network PPTP Widely-used protocol for deploying VPN networks VLAN Layer 2 network circuit segregation

Authentication, Authorization, Accounting and Monitoring

Graphing Tool to monitor various RouterOS parameters using graphical representation of them HotSpot User AAA AAA services for HotSpot gateway IP Accounting Accounting service for IP protocol on per address tuple basis PPP User AAA L2TP, asyncronous PPP, PPTP, PPPoE and ISDN user AAA RADIUS client General configuration interface for centralised AAA services Router User AAA AAA services for RouterOS users (router's local users) Traffic Flow Powerful accounting and network diagnostics tool SNMP Allows to monitor the router remotely Log Management System event monitoring facility

Firewall and Quality of Service

Bandwidth Control Describes the use of queues and queue trees to manage traffic data rate (traffic shaping) and provide Quality of Service for network users Filter Packet filtering facility for protecting and limiting network hosts IP Address Lists Supplementary tool facilitating simplified and transparent configuration of firewall services for different IP address sets Mangle Complementary operations with IP packets including MSS and TOS fields change and packet marking for later processing with packet filters, NAT rules, queues and policy routing NAT Network Address Translation maps one set of IP addresses to another set of IP addresses Packet Flow General description of packet processing sequence; connection tracking description Services, Protocols, and Ports

Plug-and-Play Network Access

DHCP Client, Server and Relay Dynamic IP address assignment to network clients DNS Client and Cache DNS client facility with caching proxy functionality HotSpot Gateway Instant (Plug-and-Play) network access points HTTP Proxy Simple multiprotocol proxy service IP Pools Shared use of IP address sets for IP address assignment facilities (PPP, DHCP and HotSpot) SOCKS Proxy Server SOCKS v4 universal multiprotocol port server UPnP Transparent instant network discovery and configuration protocol Web Proxy Advanced multiprotocol proxy service with caching functionality

System Information and Utilities

Certificate Management Facility for managing SSL certificates DDNS Update Tool Tool to update Dynamic DNS record for alternating IP address GPS Synchronization Stratum 1 NTP time source and location retrieval from GPS LCD Management Useful information output to text LCD modules MNDP Mikrotik Neighbor Discovery Protocol and Cisco Discovery Protocol service System Clock and NTP System Clock, Network Time Protocol server and client RouterBoard-specific functions RouterOS specific functionality for RouterBOARD computer systems Support Output File Debug information file required for submission with support request System Resource Management Various small utilities under /system menu

Diagnostics Tools

Bandwidth Test Connection throughput evaluation tool ICMP Bandwidth Estimation Connection throughput approximation tool Packet Sniffer Ethernet traffic inspection tool Ping Network probing tool Torch Realtime traffic flow monitoring tool Traceroute Network path verification utility

Scripting Host and Complementary Tools

Network Monitor Conditional host availability monitoring Serial Port Monitor Serial port signalling monitor service Scripting Host RouterOS built-in scripting engine and scripting language reference System Scheduler Facility for periodic execution of scripts Traffic Monitor Conditional data rate monitoring

IP Telephony

IP Telephony Voice transmission over data connections

High Availability

System Watchdog Resident service for restarting router in case of crash or network failure UPS Monitor Software status tool for UPS power supplies VRRP High availability default path support

Application Examples